fh";rpg[uk;

gj;uhryj;jpypUe;J tp$athlh - Fz;?u; - X';nfhy; - bey;Yhu; - eha[Lngl;il - brd;id tHpahf Rkhu; 775 fp.kP.  gazk; bra;J fh";rpg[uj;ij mile;njhk;.  v';fs; ahj;jpiuapd; 37-tJ MtJ ehs; jkpH;ehl;ow;Fs; EiHe;Jtpl;nlhk;.  ek; jkpHf n&j;jpu';fis mtru fjpapy;jhd; tHpgl;nlhk;.

Mjpapy; gy;ytu;fspd; jiyefukhft[k;/ ,ilfhyj;jpy; nrhHu;fspd; MSiff;F cl;gl;Lk;/ gpw;fhyj;jpy; tp$aefu rhk;uh$;$pa Ml;rpapd;nghJ uhau;fspd; jiyikg; gPlkhft[k; tps';fpa[s;sJ fh";rpg[uk;.

cyfg;g[fH;bgw;W tps';Fk; fh";rpapy; VG Kf;jp jy';fspy; xd;whd Vfhk;gnu!;tuu; Myak; mike;jpUg;gJ jdpr;rpwg;ghFk;.

gpw;fhyj;jpy; nrhHu;fs; fhyj;jpYk;/ tp$aefug; nguuru;fshYk; Ie;J gpufhu';fisa[k;/ Mapu';fhy; kz;lgj;ija[k; mikj;J kpfg; gpuk;khz;lkhd mstpy; tpupthf;fg;gl;lJ.

Mjpapy; kpfr; rpwpa mstpy; fl;lg;gl;l ,t;thyak; 1509-Mk; Mz;L fpU#;znjtuhau; mrhjhuzkhd cauk; bfhz;l kjpw;Rtu;fisa[k;/ kpfg; bgupa EiHthapnyhL Toa 11 epiyf; nfhg[u';fisa[k; fl;odhu;.

,t;thyaj;jpy; Fobfhz;oUf;Fk; rptbgUkhid g";rg{j';fspy; xd;whd epyk; (Earth) vd;w tifapy; tHpgLfpwhu;fs;.

fu;g;gf;fpufj;Jf;Fg; gpd;g[wk; cs;s khkuk; 3000 Mz;LfSf;Fk; nkw;gl;ljhapDk; ,d;wst[k; g{j;Jf;fha;f;fpwJ.

fh";rp khefupy; rpwpaJk; bgupaJkhf Rkhu; 1000 Mya';fs; cs;sd.  mtw;Ws; fhkhl;rp Myak;/ fe;ju;nfhl;lk;/ ifyhr ehju; Myak;/ cyfse;J bgUkhs; Myak;/ tujuh$g; bgUkhs; Myak; Kjyhdit rpwe;jitahFk;.  xt;bthU Myaj;jpYk; rpw;g';fSf;Fg; g";rkpy;iy.  ifyhrehju; Myak; kfhgypg[uk; rpw;gf; fs";rpaj;jpd; Kd;ndhoahFk;.

,';Fs;s r';fuklk; midj;J r';fukl';fSf;Fk; jiyikg; gPlkhFk;.  ,e;jj; jiyikg; gPlj;ij my';fupj;j fh";rpkhKdptu; | re;jpu nrfnue;jpu ru!;tjp Rthkpfs; jk;Kila 101-MtJ taJ tiu ,e;J kjj;jpw;Fk; irt rpj;jhe;jj;jpw;Fk; gy mupa bgupa bjhz;Lfis Mw;wpa[s;shu;fs;.

gH';fhyj;jpy; bghd; efuk; vd;wiHf;fg;gl;l fh";rpkhefu; bghd; rupiffisf; bfhz;L fz;izf; ftUk; tz;z tz;z gl;Lr; nriyfis cw;gj;jp bra;J Vw;Wkjp bra;tjd; \yk; ,d;Wk; bghd; efuk; vd;nw cyfg; g[fH;bgw;W tps';FfpwJ.