jh$;kfhy;

v';fs; ahj;jpiuapd; 19-tJ ehshd me;j ehs; v';fs; thH;ehs; KGtJk; be";rpy; epiyj;J epw;Fk; ehs;.  md;W eh';fs; fz;L fspj;j ,l';fshdit cyf mjpra';fspy; xd;whd jh$;kQhy;/ Mf;uh nfhl;il/ gpUe;jhtdk; kw;Wk; kJuh/ ,it midj;Jnk xU tifapy; epidt[r; rpd;d';fs;jhk;.

Mf;uh vd;whny midtUf;Fk; "hgfk; tUtJ jh$;kQhy;jhd;/ Kfyhah; Ml;rpapd; nghJ Vw;gl;l g[jpa efuky;y Mf;uh.  ntjfhyj;Jf;Fk; Ke;jpaJ.  kfhghujj;jpy; ,e;efiug; gw;wpa Fwpg;g[ cs;sJ.  md;W ,jid Mf;ughdh (brhh;f;fk;) vd;W miHj;jdh;.  ,uz;lhk; E}w;whz;ilr; nrh;e;j g;lyhkp vd;w g[fH; bgw;w cyf tiugl ty;Yeh; mtUila cyfg; glj;jpy; ,ij Mfhuh vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.

12-Mk; E}w;whz;oy; uh$h b$a;ghy; vd;gtuJ Ml;rpapd; nghJ Mf;uh/ nrhk;ehj; g[fH; f$pdp Kfk;kJthy; jhf;fg;gl;lJ.

15-Mk; E}w;whz;oy; uh$h ghjy;rp'; vd;gthpd; MSiff;F cl;gl;oUe;jJ.

,Wjpahf mf;ghpd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy;jhd; Kfyhah;fspd; MSiff;F cl;gl;L tsh;r;rpaile;jJ.  mtUila ngud; #h$fhd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy;jhd; cyfpYs;s VG mjpra';fspy; xd;whd jh$;kQhy; fl;lg;gl;lJ.  ,d;W cyfk; KGtJk; g[fHg;gLfpwJ.

aKid ejpf;fiuapy; mHfpa g{';fhtpd; kj;jpapy; c!;jhj; ,!h vd;w bgh;ypd; ehl;Lf; fl;olf; fiy epg[zuhy; eph;khzpf;fg;gl;lJ.  jh$;kQhy;/ c!;jhj; ,!h jhk; fl;Lk; fl;ol';fspy; jd;Dila bgaiu v';fhtJ bghwpg;gJ tHf;fk;. #h$fhDk; jd;Dila kidtpapd; epahgfr; rpd;dj;jpy; mLj;jth; bgah; bghwpg;gjh vd MH;e;j rpe;jidf;Fg;gpd; xUthW xg;g[f; bfhz;lhuhk;.  epg[zhpd; bgaUk; bghwpf;fg; gl;Ls;sJ.

aKid ejpapd; fpHf;Ff; fiuapy; kzw;fw;fisf; bfhz;L gykhd m!;jpthuj;ij mikj;jdh;.  mjd; kPJ ryitf; fy;yhy; Rkhh; 10 mo cauj;Jf;F kpfg; bghpa nkil mikj;J me;j nkilapd; ikaj;jpy; epidt[r; rpd;dj;ij vGg;gpa[s;sdh;. 20/000 epidt[r; rpd;dj;ij vGg;gpa[s;sdh;/ 20/000 bjhHpyhsh;fs; ,ut[ gfyhf mUk;ghLgl;L (1630 Kjy; 1652 tiu) 22 Mz;Lfspy; ,jidf; fl;o Koj;Js;sdh;. ,e;j epidt[r; rpd;dj;jpy; rpwpaJk; bghpaJkhd 22 fyr';fs; (nfhg[u cr;rp my;yJ !;J}gpapy; bghUj;jg;gLgit) bghUj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.  mit aht[k; ,ijf; fl;o Kof;f 22 Mz;Lfs; gpoj;jd vd;gij epidt[Wj;j mikf;fg;gl;lit.

jh$;kQhy; KGf;f KGf;f ryitf; fw;fshy; fl;lg;gl;lJ/ EiHthapy;/ fy;yiw kw;Wk; cl;g[wr; Rth;fspy; my';fhu ntiyg;ghLfisf; fhzyhk;/ gy tz;zf; fw;fisf; bfhz;L kyh;fisa[k;/ bfhofisa[k;. ,iyfisa[k; gjpj;jJs;sdh;.  my';fhu ntiyf;F Vw;w tifapy; Rth;fspy; cs;s ryitf; fw;fspy; Rkhh; xd;W Kjy; xd;wiw kpy;yp kPl;lh; MHk; tiu File;J/ mnj mst[f;Fj; njitg;gLk; tz;zf; fw;fisg; gjpj;J bkUTl;oa[s;sdh;.  ePyk;/ gr;ir. Cjh/ fUg;g[/ vdg; gytif tz;zf; fw;fisa[k; xd;W Kjy; xd;wiu kpy;yp kPl;lh; fdk; cs;sthW njitf;F Vw;g bfho/ ,iy/ kyh; vd;W vg;goj;jhd; jahh; bra;J bghUj;jpdhh;fnsh/ fw;fis vspjpy; bgah;j;bjLf;f ,ayhj tz;zk; kpf cWjpahfg; gjpj;Js;sdh;.

Mf;uh nfhl;ilapYk;/ oy;yp br';nfhl;ilapYk; ,njnghy; my';fhu ntiyg;ghL;s;s ryitf;fy; muz;kidfSk;/ tpjhd';fSk; mnefk; cs;sd.  Mdhy; m';bfy;yhk; rpw;rpy ,l';fspy; mHF ntiyg;ghLfs; bgah;j;bjLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

Fuhdpd; thrf';fs; KGtJk; ,nj Kiwapy; fUg;g[f; fw;fis cgnahfpj;Jg; gjpj;Js;sdh;.  Mdhy;/ mjpy; xU tpnr#k;/ thrf';fs; midj;Jk; fPHpUe;J nkyhfnth my;yJ nkypUe;J fPHhfnth vg;gog; ghh;j;jhYk; vGj;Jf;fs; midj;Jk; xnu mst[ ,Ug;gjhfj; njhd;Wk;.  fPHpUe;J nky; nehf;fp ek;Kila ghh;it bry;yr; bry;y vGj;Jfspd; cauj;ijg; gog;goahf Tl;o mikj;jpUg;gjhy; mtw;wpd; mst[ xnu ghpkhzj;jpy; bjhpfpd;wd.

btspr;rj;Jf;fhft[k;/ fhw;nwhl;lj;Jf;fhft[k; ryitf; fy;ypy; $hypfs; (btz;onyl;lh;fs;) bra;J itj;Js;sdh;.  Rkhh; 1/2m';Fy fdKs;s ryitf; fy;ypy; tpjtpjkhd my';fhu';fis (oird;fis) brJf;fpa[s;sdh;.  xt;bthd;Wk; xt;bthU tpjkhd oird;.  my';fhuf; fjt[fspy; rpW rpW fz;zhoj; Jz;Lfisa[k; gjpj;Js;sdh;.

gpujhd tpjhdk; (?k;) 60 mo FWf;fst[k;. 80 mo cauKk; bfhz;lJ/ mjd; neh; fPnH fPH;j;jsj;jpy; ,Ug;gJ Kk;jh$pd; fy;yiw.  ,J #h$fhdhy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.  mjw;Fg; gf;fj;jpy; ,Ug;gJ #h$fhdpd; fy;yiw.  ,J mtUila Fkhuh; xsu';frPg;ghy; gpw;fhyj;jpy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

,e;j ,U fy;yiwfSf;Fk; neuhf nky; jsj;jpy; ,U fy;yiwfs; cs;sd.  fPnH cs;s ,U fy;yiwfSf;Fk; rw;Wk; khWglhj njhw;wj;njhL mit mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.  fPnH cs;sitjhd; cz;ikahd fy;yiwfs;/ nkny cs;sit ,uz;Lk; fPnH cs;sijg; nghy; nghypj; njhw;wk; bfhz;lit.

fy;yiwfisr; Rw;wp Rkhh; 7 mo cauj;Jf;F !;fphPd; nghd;w mikg;nghL vz;nfhz totpy; ryitf;fy; jLg;g[ itj;Js;sdh;.  mtw;wpy; xsp g[Fe;J bry;yf; Toa mHfhd oird;fisf; fhzyhk;.

fy;yiwfs; aht[k; Rkhh; MW mo ePsKk;/ ,uz;lo mfyKk;/ ,uz;liu mo cauKk; bfhz;lit.  kpf cah;e;j uf xw;iwr; ryit fw;fshy; Mdit/ fiyaHF kpf;fit/ nkw;g[wk; gy tz;zf; fw;fisg; gjpj;J mtw;wpd; mHif nkYk; mjpfg;gLj;jp cs;sdh;.  vhpe;J bfhz;oUf;Fk; xU lhh;r; tpsf;if mjd; kPJ ftpH;j;J itj;jhy; mjDila btspr;rk; Rkhh; 4 tz;zf; fw;fs; kPJ me;j lhh;r; iyl;il itj;J mjid efh;j;jpf; bfhz;nl te;jhy; rptg;g[ tz;zk; kl;Lk; jdpj;J gpufhrpg;gijf; fhzyhk;.

nky; jsj;jpypUe;J fPH;j;jsj;Jf;Fr; bry;y mHfhd gof;fl;Lfs; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.  Vw;fdnt bkUTl;lg;gl;l ryitf; fw;fs; ele;J ele;J nkYk; tHtHg;ghf ,Uf;fpd;wd.  epjhdk; jtwpdhy; tGf;fpf; bfhz;L fPnH brd;W tpGnthk;.

eh';fs; brd;wnghJ v';fnshL te;j bgz;kzp/ Rkhh; 65 taJ ,Uf;Fk;.  fPnH ,w';Ftjw;fhf gokPJ fhiy itj;jJjhd; bjhpa[k;.  mLj;j tpdho fPH;j;jsj;jpy; ,Uf;fpwhh;.  rpy tpehofs; midtUk; gjwp tpl;nlhk;.  g[dpj ahj;jpiuna XupU ehl;fs; jilgl;L tpLnkh/ kUj;Jtkidapy; nrh;f;f ntz;otUnkh vdg; gythW rpe;jpf;f ntz;oa epiyf;Fj;js;sg;gl;nlhk;.  ey;y ntis/ Mz;ltd; mUshy; fhak; vJt[k; ,y;iy/ nyrhd cl;fhak;/ typ fz;l ,l';fspy; mnahlf;!; jltp KjYjtpfisr; bra;njhk;.  mLj;j 15-MtJ epkplj;jpy; giHago cw;rhfkhfr; bray;gl;lhh;.

jh$;kfhypy; v';Fk; kpd; tpsf;iff; fhz KoahJ.  fy;yiwfspy; kl;Lk; 40 thl;;!; gy;g[fs; vhpfpd;wd.  mtw;iwf; Tl nyrhd btspr;rk; tUkhW gpj;jisf; ftrj;jhy; \oa[s;sdh;.

gpujhd epidt[r; rpd;dj;ijr; Rw;wp ehd;F gf;f';fspYk; Rkhh; 50 mo mfyj;Jf;F cs;s jhuhskhd ,ilbtsp gazpfSf;F cw;rhfj;ij mspf;fpwJ.  mjpYk; jh$;kQhypd; gpd;g[wk; aKidf; fiunahuk; mkh;;e;jthW J}uj;jpYs;s Mf;uh nfhl;iliaa[k;/ ,aw;if mHifa[k; urpg;gjpy; neuk; nghtnj bjhpatpy;iy.

EiHthapy; Kjy; gpujhd epidt[r; rpd;dk; tiu kpfg; gue;j epyg;gug;gpy; mHfhd njhl;lk; cs;sJ/ mnefkhf guhkhpg;g[ ,y;iy vd;nw brhy;yyhk;.  me;j mst[ rPh;bfl;Ls;sJ.  vjphpy; cs;s ePz;l ePh; epiy Tl nghjpa jz;zPh; ,y;yhky; Rkhh; xU m';Fyk; mst[f;Fj;jhd; nj';fpapUf;fpwJ.  KGtJk; gRikahd g{';fhthf ,Uf;Fkhapd; mjd; mHif th;zpf;f thh;j;ijfs; nghjh.

KG epytpd; nghJ nkf';fSf;F ,ilna g{uzr;re;jpud; cyhtUk;nghJ jh$;kQhy; bkhj;jKk; thdtPjpapy; rpwfoj;Jg; gwg;gijg; nghy; ,Uf;Fkhk;.  bgsh;zkp ehl;fspy; ,';F gazpfs; Tl;lk; miynkhJkhk;.

jh$;kQhiya[k;/ gPgP-fh-kf;ghuhita[k; xg;gpl;L ghh;f;Fk;nghJ kapYf;Fk;/ thd;nfhHpf;Fk; ,ilna cs;s tpj;jpahrk;jhd;/ eh';fs; njhif tphpj;jhLk; kapiya[k; fz;nlhk;.  mijf;fz;L Moa thd;nfhHpiaa[k; fz;nlhk;/ vd;d ,Ue;jhYk; mry; mry;jhd;.  ,Ue;jhYk; xg;gpl;L ghh;f;fthtJ efy; njitg;gLfpwJ.

khdpluhfg; gpwe;j midtuhYk; j';fSf;F tpUg;gkhdth;fSf;fhf ,ijg;nghd;W epahgfr; rpd;d';fs; fl;l KoahJ/ Fiwe;jgl;rk; md;gpd; (fhjypd;) MHk; vt;tst[ vd;gijj; bjhpe;J bfhs;tjw;fhfthtJ ,jid xU Kiw fz;L urpf;fyhk;.

jh$;kQhy; rk;ge;jg;ll fiyg; bghUl;fis tpw;gid bra;a[k; m';fhofs; m';F mnefk; cs;sd.  njitahdtw;iw m';nfna th';FtJ g[j;jprhypj;jdk;.  mjpYk; Fwpg;ghf ryitf; fy; bghUl;fis ntW ,l';fspy; th';fpdhy; tpiy ,Ukl';F/ Koe;jhy; nguk; ngryhk;/ irdhg$hiutpl nkhrk;/ xU rpy bghUl;fisf; Trhky; fhy; tpiyf;Ff; nfl;fyhk;.  bfhLj;J tpLthh;fs;/ Vbddpy; mitfs; tPL tUk;tiu Tlj; jh';fhJ/ ryitf; fy;ypdhyhd g{hp rg;ghj;jpf;fy; ,';Fjhd; kypt[.

jh$;kQhypypUe;J Rkhh; 1 1/2 fpnyh kPl;lh; J}uj;jpy; ,Uf;fpwJ Mf;uh nfhl;il/ xU gf;fk; aKid ejp muzhf ,Uf;fpwJ.  Rw;wpYk; mfHp/ fdkhd rpfg;g[ epwf; fw;fshy; fl;lg;gl;l kjpw;Rth;/ gykhd nfhl;il.

1565 - ,y; mf;guhy; fl;lg;gl;l ,f;nfhl;ilapy; jh;ghh; kz;lgk; fk;gPukhf epfuw;W tps';FfpwJ.  Kw;wpYk; ryitf; fw;fshy; fl;lg;gl;lJ.  caukhd J}z;fs;/ Kfyha fl;olf; fiyf;nf chpj;jhd tist[fs;.

aKidf; fiunahuk; cs;s fl;Lkhd';fs; aht[k; ryitf; fw;fshy; fl;lg;gl;Ls;sjhy; bgUk;ghYk; mit mur FLk;gj;jpdUf;Fk;/ mth;fisr; rhh;e;jth;fSf;fhft[k; fl;lg;gl;litahf ,Uf;fyhk;.  fiyaHF kpf;f ,f;fl;ol';fs; aht[k; nrhigapHe;J fhzg;gl;lhYk; fhz;nghhpd; kdijf; bfhs;is bfhs;sr; bra;fpd;wd.  mur FLk;gj;jpdUf;fhfnt rpW kNjp xd;iwa[k; fl;oa[s;sdh;. nkd;khlj;jpypUe;J aKidiaa[k;/ jh$;kQhiya[k; vt;tst[ neuk; ghh;j;Jf; bfhz;oUe;jhYk; rypg;g[j; jl;lhJ.

aKidapy; jh$;kQhypd; gpujpgypg;g[ xU jdpr;rpwg;g[ilaJ/ aKid ,Ufiuiaa[k; bjhl;Lf; bfhz;L nghFk;nghJ jh$;kQhy; aKidapy; kpjg;gijg; nghy; njhd;Wkhk;. g{h;z re;jpudpd; nghJ mjd; mHif th;zpf;f thh;j;ijfs; nghjh vd;ghh;fs;.

nfhl;ilf;Fs; fl;lg;gl;oUf;Fk; Kj;JkNjp tuyhW gilj;jjhFk;/

nfhl;il KGtija[k; ,z;L ,Lf;F tplhky; Rw;wpg;ghh;f;f ntz;Lkhdhy; tHpfhl;o xUtiu mkh;j;jpf; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;.  mtrpak; fhz ntz;Ltdtw;Ws; Mf;uh nfhl;ila[k; xd;W.

#h$fhdpd; me;jpk fhyj;jpy; mtUila Fkhud; xsu';frPg;ghy; ,e;jf; nfhl;ilapd; nkd;khlj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; rpW kNjpf;F mUfpy; mth; rpiw itf;fg;gl;lhuhk;.  #h$fhdpd; tpUg;gj;jpw;F Vw;g rpiwapy; xU rhusk; (btz;onyl;lh;) mikj;Jf; bfhLj;jhuhk;. me;j rhsuj;jpd; tHpahfj; jd; kidtpapd; "hgfr; rpd;dj;ij rhFk; tiu fz;L MWjy; mile;jhuhk; #h$fhd;.

fy; be";rk; bfhz;l xsu';frPg;gpd; ,jaj;jpYk; rpwpJ <uk; ,Uf;fj;jhd; bra;jJ. #h$fhd; kiwt[f;Fg; gpd; mtUila fy;yiwia Kk;jh$pd; fy;yiwf;Fg; gf;fj;jpy; mikj;Jj; je;ijiar; rpiwapypl;l jd;Dila bfhL";braYf;F Xust[ ghpfhuk; njof; bfhz;lhh;.  ,';F xU rhiyf;F/ rf;uth;j;jp uh$nfhghyhr;rhhpahh; nuhL vd;W bgahpl;Ls;sdh;/ ghuhl;l ntz;oa bray;.

Mf;uhtpy; vij kwe;jhYk; jh$;kQhiy kl;Lk; kwf;f KoahJ.