| iryj;ijtpl;Lg; g[wg;gl;l eh';fs; kpf mlu;e;j fhdfj;jpDhnl gazk; bra;J kd;dhDhu; - od;o tHpahf ( 220 fp.kP. ) Ijuhghj;ij mile;njhk;.

| Jhyh gfthd; ju;krhyhtpy; ,ut[ j';fpndhk;.

mnrhfu;/ gy;ytu;/ uhau;/ fhfOa tk;rj;jpdu;/ Ry;jhd;fs;/ moik muru;/ FJhg;#hf;fs;/ xsu';frPg;/ ep$hk;fs;/ M';fpnyau;/ gpbu";Rf;fhuu; vd;W gyjug;gl;ltu;fs; ,';F Ml;rp bra;Js;sdu;.

nfhy;bfhz;lh

Ml;rpg; gPlj;jpyku;e;J nfhnyhr;rpatu; gyu; vd;whYk; 13-Mk; Ehw;whz;oy; nfhy;bfhz;lhitj; jiyefuhff; bfhz;L mupaiz Vwpa fhfOa kd;du; fhyj;jpy;jhd; Me;jpuj;jpd; bgUikia ,e;j cyfk; czu Koe;jJ.

Muk;gj;jpy; kz;zhYk;/ fy;yhYk; fl;lg;gl;l ,f;nfhl;il ghkpdp Ry;jhdpd; iff;F khwpaJk; gykpf;fjhf khw;wp mikf;fg;gl;lJ. vl;L thapy;fisf; bfhz;L gpuk;khz;lkhf mikf;fg;gl;l ,f;nfhl;ilapy; xU fhyj;jpy; itu tpahghuk; bfhofl;og; gwe;jjhk;.

ghkpdp Ry;jhid mLj;J ,ijf; ifg;gw;wpatu; FJg;#hQp. ,tu; gy mjpra';fis ,jDs; g[Fj;jp ,e;j cynf tpaf;Fk; tz;zk; ,jid khw;wp mikj;jhu;.

vl;L EiH thapy;fspy; ve;j xU EiHthapypd; fPGk; xU Fwpg;gpl;l ,lj;jpy; epd;W xUtu; iffisj; jl;odhy; mt;nthiria Rkhu; 1500 mo Jhuj;jpy; 300 mo cauj;jpYs;s nfhl;ilapd; cr;rpapy; xU Fwpg;gpl;l ,lj;jpy; epd;W mijf; nfl;f Koa[k;. me;jf; Fwpg;gpl;l ,lj;ijj; jtpu ntW v';Fk; epd;W iffisj; jl;odhYk; me;j rg;j miyfis czu KoahJ. etPd trjpfs; ,y;yhj me;jf; fhyj;jpy; khWg;gl;l Xirfspd; \yk; ,t;thW bra;jpfisg; gupkhwpf; bfhz;lhu;fs;.

EiHthapy; mLj;Js;s kz;lg';fspy; fhzg;gLk; gpuj;jpnafkhd ilkz;l; totpyhd mikg;g[fs; me;j xypfisg; gpujpgypf;fr; bra;fpd;wd vd;W brhy;Yfpwhu;fs;.

tHp beLf fspkz; FHha;fisg; gjpj;J gpuj;jpnafkhfj; jahu; bra;ag;gl;l bgu;#pad; rf;fuj;jpd; RHw;rpahy; jz;zPu; fPHpUe;J nkny Vw;wg;gl;ljhk;. mjd; bray;ghl;L ufrpaj;ij mwpa KoahtpoDk; me;j mjpra rf;fuj;ij ,d;Wk; rhyhu;$'; kpa{rpaj;jpy; fhzyhk;.

murdpd; rpk;khrdj;ijr; Rw;wp vg;bghGJk; Fspu;e;j fhw;W tPRk; tz;zk; mike;Js;s ,aw;ifahd Fspu;rhjdk; kw;bwhU g[JikahFk;.

200 mo cau Fjpiu yhl totpyhd fw;ghiw epkpu;e;J epw;f/ M';fh';nf gr;irg; gnrbyd;w brofSk;/ ku';fSk; rhkuk; tPr/ Kl;o nkhJk; btg;gf;fhw;W fpilf;f rpW re;J tHpna btspg;gLk;nghJ/ mupaizkPJ mku;e;jpUf;Fk; bfhw;wtidf; fz;lJk; kdk; Fspu;e;J rpy;byd;w g{';fhw;whf mJ khwpanjh vd vz;zj; njhd;WfpwJ.

,d;W ,';fpyhe;J uhzpapd; kzp Koia my';fupj;Jf; bfhz;oUf;Fk; g[fH;bgw;w nfhy; bfhz;lh ituk; Vu; cHtpd; nghJ ,e;jf; nfhl;ilf;Fs;jhd; fpilj;jjhk;.

gy tifapYk; bgUik tha;e;j ,e;jf; nfhl;ilapy;jhd; uhkjhru; rpiw itf;fg;gl;lhu;.

ghkpdp Ry;jhdpd; jsfu;j;jd; bra;j Jnuhfj;jhy; rf;futu;j;jp xsu';frPg; ,uz;lhtJ Kiw gilbaLg;gpd; nghJ ,ijf; ifg;gw;wpdhu;.

mtUila rhk;uh$;$pa tPH;r;rpf;Fg; gpwF Kfyhau;fsplk; it!;uhahf (Kjyikr;ru;) ,Ue;j kPu;-Fa;k;-UjPd; vd;gtu; ,jidf; ifg;gw;wpdhu;. mtUila tk;rhtHpapdu;jhk; ep$hk;fs;.

Ijuhghj;

,e;jpahtpy; ntW v';Fk; fhz ,ayhj vy;iyaw;w mHifa[k;/ bry;tr; brHpg;iga[k; jd;dfj;nj bfhz;Ls;sJ Ijuhghj;. mjd; ikag; gFjpapy; mHFf;F mHF nru;f;Fk; tifapy; mike;Js;sJ rhu;kpdhu;.

rhu;kpdhu;

1591-Mk; Mz;L gpnsf; nehapdhy; mtjpg;gl;lJ Ijuhghj;. mjid monahL xHpj;jjd; "hgfu;j;jkhff; fl;lg;gl;lJ rhu;kpdhu;.

Kfk;kJ Fapyp FJg;#h vd;gtuhy; 2 Mz;Lfspy; fl;o Kof;fg;gl;l ehd;F beoJau;e;j !;Jhgpfisf; bfhz;l rhu;kpdhu; 172 mo cauKs;sJ. cr;rptiu bry;y gofs; cs;sd. ehd;F mLf;Ffs; bfhz;l ,jd; ,uz;lhtJ jsj;jpy; rpW kNjpa[k; cz;L. Mdhy; ,g;bghGJ ,jpy; tHpghL eilbgWtjpy;iy.

Ijuhghj; efiua[k; g[fH;bgw;w rhu;kpdhiua[k; epu;khzpj;j kd;du; FJhg;#h uh$ eu;j;jfp ghf;fpatjp vd;gtu; nky; ikay; bfhz;oUe;jhu;. mtSila "hgfhu;j;jkhf Muk;gj;jpy; ,ij ghf;fpa efu; vd;W miHj;jdu;. gpd;du; Ijuhghj; vd;W miHf;fg;gl;lJ.

rhu;kpdhupd; bjd;nkw;F \iyapy; mtSila "hgfhu;j;jkhf ghf;fpayl;Rkp vd;w bgaupy; rpW nfhapiyf; fl;oa[s;shu;. g[d;dif jtGk; md;id ghf;fpa yl;Rkpapd; Kfk; midtiua[k; Rz;o ,Gf;fpwJ.

rhu;kpdhUf;F kpf mUfpy; ,Ug;gJ kpfg; bgupa bkf;fh kNjp. 1614-,y; mg;Jy;yh FJhg; vd;gtuhy; fl;lj; Jt';fp 1687-,y;  rf;futu;j;jp xsu';frPg;ghy; Kof;fg;gl;lJ. ,ijf; fl;lj; Jt';fpa kd;du; jd;Dila 12-MtJ tajpypUe;J rhFk;tiu xU ntisTlj; bjhGifia kwe;jJ ,y;iyahk;. bkf;fhtpypUe;J bfhz;L tug;gl;l xU g[dpj br';fy; ,k;kNjpia my';fupf;fpwJ.

Ijuhghj; bry;gtu;fs; kwthJ fz;L urpg;gJ rhyhu; $'; kpa{rpak;. cyfpd; gy ghf';fspypUe;Jk; nrfupf;fg;gl;l fiyg; bghUl;fs;/ mg{u;t Xtpa';fs;/ rpw;g';fs;/ itu';fs;/ itu eiffs;/ tuyhw;Wg; g[fH;bgw;w ifbaGj;Jg; gpujpfs;/ jpg;g[ Ry;jhdpd; je;jj;jpdhyhd ehw;fhypfs;/ my';fhug; gpoa[s;s  thl;fs;/ fl;lhupfs; kw;Wk; gy;ntW ( 35/000 ) tifg; bghUl;fis 36 miwfspy;/ fiyeaj;njhL fhl;rpf;F itj;Js;sdu;.

,it midj;ija[k; bghJkf;fspd; ghu;itf;F itj;jtu; ep$hkpd; gpujku; ( Kjyikr;ru; ). kPu;ERg; myp rhyhu;$'; 3 vd;fpw me;j khkdpju;.

gpugy bjhHpyjpgu; gpu;yh mtu;fshy; fl;lg;gl;lJ gpu;yh ke;jpu;. KGf;f KGf;f ryitf; fw;fshy; fl;lg;gl;lJ. itztj; jykhdhYk; rptDf;Fk; ,lKz;L. cau;e;j Jhz;fnshL Toa kz;lgj;jpy; vGe;jpUf;Fk; fk;gPuj; njhw;wKs;s 9 mo cauKs;s fUg;g[f;fy; fz;zid kwf;f KoahJ.

cnrd; rhfu; Vupapd; kj;jpapy; epWtpa[s;s gpuk;khz;lkhd 58 mo cauKs;s g[j;ju; midtiua[k; ftUfpwhu;.