Rg;gpukzpa rptk; tuyhWk; xd;W.  ekJ Rje;jpu nghuhl;l tuyhW ,d;dKk; vGjp Kof;fg; glhj kfhfhtpakhFk;.  ,jpy; tpLgl;Lnghd bgau;fSk; epfH;r;rpfSk; Vuhsk; vj;jidnah tPuj; jpahfpfspd; bgau;fs; xg;g[f;F ,lk; bgw;Ws;snj jtpu KGikahd jfty;fs; btspr;rj;jpw;F tUtjpy;iy.

Rg;gpukzpa rpth vd;W miHf;fg;gl;l Rg;gpukzpa rptk; uh$k; Iau; ehfyl;Rkp mk;khs; jk;gjpau;f;F 4-10-1884-Mk; tUlk; kJiu mUnf cs;s tj;jyFz;L vd;w Cupy; gpwe;jhu; mtUf;F "hdhk;ghs;/ ijyhk;ghs; vd;w ,uz;L rnfhjupfSk;/ itj;jpaehjd; vd;w rnfhjuUk; cz;L.  ,tUila ,sikg; gUtk; tWikapy; fHpe;jJ.  12-tJ taJ tiu ,tu; kJiuapy; goj;jhu; gpd;du; jpUtde;jg[uk; brd;W m';nf ,ytr czt[ cz;L goj;jhu; gpd;du; nfhaKj;Jhupy; xU tUlk; gpuntr nju;t[f;fhf  goj;jhu; ,f;fhynk ,tupd; njr gf;jp mUk;gj; bjhl';fpa fhyk;.  ,f;fhyj;jpy; bjd;dhg;gpupf;fhtpy; ele;J bfhz;oUe;j nghau; a[j;jj;jpy; nghau;fspd; tPur;bray;fis ghuhl;o M';fpyj;jpy; gy ftpijfs; ,aw;wpa[s;shu; ( mtw;wpy; xd;WTl ,g;nghJ ekf;F fpilf;ftpy;iy ).

gog;g[ Koe;jJ FLk;gr; Rik fhuzkhf rptfhrpapy; nghyP!; ,yhfhtpy; Fkh!;jh ntiyapy; nru;e;jhu;.  nru;e;j kWehns ,e;j ntiyia tpl;L tpyfptpl;lhu;.  ,tu; ghu;j;j KjYk; filrpa[khd ntiy ,Jnt. 1899-y; ,tUf;Fk; kPdhl;rpak;ikf;Fk; jpUkzk; eilbgw;wJ.  ,y;ywj;jpy; EiHe;jhYk; njr nrit kwe;jhupy;iy.

1906-Mk; Mz;L jpUtde;jg[uj;jpy; Mupa rkh$j;ij nru;e;j | jhTu;f;fhd; re;jputu;kh brhw;bghHpthw;wpdhu; ,jid nfl;l Rg;gpukzpa rpthtpd; njrgf;jp Rlu; mdyha; vupaj; bjhl';fpaJ.  ,jd; nehf;fk; ,is"u;fspd; kdjpy; njrgf;jpia cUthf;fp Rje;jpu czu;it J}z;Ltnj MFk;.  ,jid vjpu;j;j jpUth';Tu; rk!;jhdk; rpthit jpUth';Tu; rk!;jhdj;jpy; ,Ue;J clnd btspnaw cj;jutpl;lJ.  ,jd; gpd;du; ,tu; Cu; Cuhfr; brd;W M';fpy muRf; ifjpahf gpur;rhuk; bra;J te;jhu;.

rpth kpfr; rpwe;j brhw;bghHpthsu; ,tuJ ngr;ir nfl;l gy ,is"u;fs; j';fis njr nritapy; ,izj;Jf; bfhz;ldu;.  rpth jd;Dila jpl;l';fSf;F ,is"u;fSk;/ bjhHpyhsu;fSnk gf;f gykhf ,Ug;ghu;fs; vd  gykhf ek;gpdhu; ,tu;fSf;fhf mauhJ ghLgl;lhu;.  mg;nghJ jhd; mtUf;F t.c.rp.-apd; el;g[ fpilj;jJ.  mnj fhyj;jpy; jhd; bey;iy te;jpUe;j kfhftp ghujpa[ld; el;g[ bfhz;lhu;.  ,k; \tUila el;g[ jkpHf Rje;jpu nghuhl;l tuyhw;wpy; rpwg;gplk; bfhz;lJ.  ,tu;fs;  \tiua[k; jkpHfj;jpd; njrpa \k;Ku;j;jpdu; vd;nw Fwpg;gplyhk;.

t.c.rp. rpth ,ize;J bray;gl;ljhy; bey;iy khtl;lk; tpLjiy nghuhl;lj;jpd; ciyfskhf jpfH;e;jJ.  ,jid fz;L gae;j gpupl;o#; muR gy Fw;wr;rhl;Lfis Rkj;jp ,Utiua[k; rpiwf;F mDg;gp kfpH;e;jJ.  ,J Fwpj;J t.c.rp jdJ Rarupijapy;.

,tu; gpur';fk; bra;jjw;fhfj;
jtk; g[upa[k;gojr ey; tUlk;
jPbtd; wpak;gpdhd; eP';fpnyd; mjw;Ff;
jhtpy; cjtpia je;jjw;fhf
,UgJ tUlKk; ,ak;gpa bey;iyapy;
xU gpur';fk; ciuj;jjw;fhf
,UgJ tUlk; jPUtdk;
fw;nwhu; kdKk; fy';fplr; brhd;dhd;
,iwa[k; fy';fh bjd;Dk; ftu;e;Js
,iwapd; bfhilbad Vw;nwd;.

vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.

gpd;dhy; bra;J bfhz;l nky; KiwaPl;odhy; ,UtUf;Fk; jz;lid Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ.  rptht[f;F 10 tUl jz;lid  6 tUlkhf Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ.  rpth 2-11-1912-y; tpLjiy mile;jhu;.  tpLjiyf;Fg; gpd; brd;idapy; Fonawpdhu;.  brd;idapy; gpug";rkpj;jpud; vd;w thugj;jpupifiaa[k;/ "hdghD vd;w khj gj;jpupifiaa[k; bjhl';fpdhu;.  "hdghD-tpy; ghuhjpahupd; gilg;g[fis bjhlu;e;J btspapl;lhu;.  ghz;or;nrupapy; ,Ue;j ghujpf;F  "hdghD  Rje;jpu nghuhl;l Ma[jkhf jpfH;e;jJ.  ghujp gy g[idg; bgau;fspy; fij/ ftpij/ fl;Liufs; vGjp njrpa czu;t[ Cl;odhu;.  Fj;jYk;/ nfypa[k;/ fpz;lYk; epiwe;j md;iwa $kPd;jhu;fisa[k;/ mtu;fis mz;og; gpiHj;j g[ytu; Tl;lj;jpida[k; njhYupj;J fhl;oa rpd;d r';fud; fij "hdghD-tpy; btspte;j ghujpapd; gilg;g[fspy; Fwpg;gpl ntz;oa xd;W.  Rg;gpukzpa rpthtpd; brd;id thH;f;if kpFe;j beUf;foapy; jhd; fHpe;jJ.  ,e;epiyapy; mtUila kidtp. kPdhl;rpak;ik cly; epiy nkhrkhfp 15-5-1915-y; brd;idapy; fhykhdhu;.  kidtp  ,we;jgpd; rpthtpd; Rw;Wg; gaz';fs; nkYk; mjpfg;gl;ld.  Cu; Cuhf brd;W kf;fSf;F njr  czu;ita{l;odhu;.  bghJ Tl;lkhf elj;jhky; kf;fs; v';F Tl;lkhf ,Uf;fpwhu;fnsh m';nf ngrpdhu;.

1919-y; kPz;Lk; ,e;jpa njrhe;jpup vd;w gj;jpupifia bjhl';fpdhu;.  Muk;gk; Kjny Rg;gpukzpa rpth bjhHpyhsu;ghy; kpFe;j md;g[ilatu; bjhHpyhsu;fs; xd;Wgl;L r';fk; itj;J xt;bthU braypYk; xw;Wika[ld; bray; gl ntz;Lk; vd;w fUj;Jilatu;.  Fwpf;nfhis mila ,UtHpfs; cs;sd.  xd;W ,ae;jpu';fis nrjg;gLj;jp e#;lg;gLj;JtJ/ ,uz;L bjhlu;e;J ntiy epWj;jk; bra;tJ.  ,jpy; ,uz;lhtJ tHpiana gpd;gw;w ntz;Lk; vd;w fUj;Jilatu; rpth.  ,jd; mog;gilapy; 1920-y; brd;idapy;  eilbgw;w l;uhl; bjhHpyhsu;fspd; ntiy epWj;jj;jpd; nghJ jPtpu Mu;tk; fhl;o bjhHpyhsu;fSf;fhf gfyput[ ghuhJ ciHj;jhu;.

1920-Mk; tUlk; fy;fj;jhtpy; yhyh y$gjp uhapd; jiyikapy; xj;JiHahik ,af;fk; rk;ge;jkhf eilbgw;w rpwg;g[. khehl;oy; fye;J bfhz;L tpgpd; re;jpu ghyu; bfhz;L te;j jPu;khdj;jpw;F Mjuthf epd;whu;.  rpthtpd; cs;sj;jpy; fhe;jpapd; jhf;fKk; goaj; bjhl';fpaJ.  jkpH; ehL vd;w gj;jpupifapy; jpyfu; - fhe;jp ju;rdk; vd;w rpW ehlfj;ija[k; rpth vGjpa[s;shu;.  rpth thH;e;j fhy';fspy; eilbgw;w khehLfs;/ nghuhl;l';fs; midj;jpYk; rpth jdJ g';if KGikahf brYj;jpa[s;shu;.  mtu; fye;J bfhs;shj khehLfnsh/ nghuhl;l';fnsh ,y;iy vd;nw brhy;yyhk;.  mtw;wpbyy;yhk; rpthtpd; vupkiyg; gpur';f';fs; ,lk; bgw;Ws;sd.  rpth kpFe;j Jdpr;ry; kpf;ftu;.  fhe;jPaj;jpd;ghy; mtu; cs;sk; brd;whYk; mtupd; jPtputhjf; jd;ik vd;Wnk ml';fpajpy;iy rpthtpd; gpur';f';fs; kf;fs; kj;jpapy; fpsu;r;rpia Vw;gLj;jpajhy; murh';fk; ,tUf;F gy tHpfspy; bjhy;iyaspj;jJ.  1921-k; tUlk; ,uz;liu tUlk; fL';fhty; jz;lid tH';fpaJ.  gpd;du; cthu';fspy; tpLjiy bra;J tpl;lJ.  gpd;du; 27-11-1922-y; xU tUl rpiw jz;lid mspj;jJ.  bfhLikahd rpiw thH;f;if fhuzkhf mtUf;F bjhGneha; Vw;gl;lJ.  ,d;iwa epiy nghy; ,y;iy bjhG nehahspapd; epiyik ,jw;F Rg;gpukzpa rpthtpd; epiyika[k; xU rhl;rp/ mtUila  nehia fhuzk; fhl;o   rpthit uapypy; gazk; bra;af; Tlhbjd;W muR jiltpjpj;jJ.  ,jidf; fz;L fy';ftpy;iy rpth/ fl;il tz;oapYk;/ fhy; eilahft[k; jd; gazj;ij nkw;f;bfhz;L kf;fSf;F me;epa Ml;rpapd; bfhLikfis tpsf;fp  gpur;rhuk; bra;jhu;.  ghuj njrj;ij flt[shf bfhz;l rpth ghuj khjht[f;F nfhtpy; fl;l jPu;khdpj;jhu;.  jUkg[up mUnf cs;s ghg;ghuhgl;oapy; cs;s jdJ  Mrpukj;jpy; njrge;J rpj;ju";rd;  jhiyf; bfhz;L 23-1-1923-y; mof;fy; ehl;odhu;.  me;j Myaj;jpy; gy njr gf;ju;fspd; ,iyfis epWt epidj;jpUe;jhu;.  mtw;Ws; t.c.rp. rpiyf;F Kjy; epiy bfhLf;ft[k; jpl;lkpl;oUe;jhu;.

nehapd; bfhLikapYk; Xahj ciHg;g[ ehL me;epaupd; Mjpf;fg; gpoapypUe;J tpLtpf;fg; glntz;Lbkd;W mauhJ ghLgl;lhu; ,jdhy; mtuJ cly; eyk; Fd;wpaJ.  ,e;epiyapy; 1925-y; fhd;g{upy; eilbgwtpUe;j fk;a{dp!;l;fl;rpdupd; KjyhtJ khehl;oy; fye;J bfhs;s jpl;lkpl;oUe;jhu;.  cly; epiy njwpat[ld; jpUbey;ntyp tHpahf nkw;F flw;fiu nahukhf gk;gha; brd;W m';fpUe;J fhd;g{upy; eilbgWk; bghJ Tl;lj;jpy; fye;J bfhs;s jpl;lkpl;oUe;jhu;.  rpthtpd; cly; epiy ehl;gl ehl;gl kpft[k; nkhrkile;J te;jjpdhy; mtuhy; jpl;lkpl;lgo fhd;g{u; khehl;oy; fye;J bfhs;s Koatpy;iy.  22-7-1925-y; jdJ rPlu; Re;ju ghujpapd; Jiza[ld; ghg;ghugl;oapy; cs;s jdJ Mrpukj;jpw;F te;J nru;e;jhu;.  Rg;gpukzpa rpthtpw;fhf vija[k; bra;aj; Jzpe;j tPuthypgu;fSk;/ vija[k; juj; jahuhf ,Ue;j bry;te;ju;fSk; ghg;ghuhl;oapy; ,Ue;jdu;.  ,tu;fspilna te;J nru;e;j kWehs; mjhtJ 23-7-1925 tpahHf;fpHik fhiy 5 kzpf;F Rg;gpukzpa rpth jdJ 41-tJ tajpy; jdJ ,t;t[yf thH;it ePe;jhu;.  rpth thH;e;j 40 tajpw;Fs; 400 tUl rhjidfis bra;J Koj;Js;shu;.  jkpHfj;jpd; gy efu';fspy; rpth$p ehlfk; \ykhf njr gf;jpia gug;gpdhu; mtUk; ehlfj;jpy; g';nfw;W eoj;Js;shu;.  | uhk fpU#;zu; kPJk; tpntfhde;ju; kPJk; MH;e;j gw;W bfhz;l rpth mtu;fspd; E}y;fisa[k; bkhHpbgau;j;Js;shu;.  M';fpy; Vfhjpgj;jpaj;ij vjpu;j;J g[ul;rp bra;j Rg;gpukzpa rpth gy fdt[fSld; kiwe;J tpl;lhu;.   ,j;jifa nguwpthsu;fspd; ciHg;ghy; fpilj;j Rje;jpu ehl;oy; thGk; ehk;.  Rg;gpukzpa rpthtpd; 117-tJ gpwe;j ehis bfhz;lhLfpd;w ,e;j jUzj;jpy; ekJ m";rypia brYj;Jnthk;.